Prolactinoma
A prolactinoma is a non-cancerous tumour of the pituitary gland that secretes excess prolactin, the hormone responsible for triggering milk production. It is the most common type of pituitary tumour and affects people worldwide, though it often goes undiagnosed for years.
Key points
- A harmless growth on the pituitary gland churns out too much of the hormone that ordinarily starts milk production.
- Excess of this hormone throws reproductive hormones off balance, causing irregular cycles and unexpected breast discharge in women or falling testosterone in men.
- A bigger growth can squeeze nearby structures, bringing on headaches or changes in eyesight.
- A drug that copies dopamine’s natural check on the hormone is the usual first choice and frequently shrinks the growth with time.
What raised prolactin actually does
High prolactin interferes with the hormones that regulate the reproductive cycle. In women, this typically causes irregular or absent periods, unexpected milk discharge (galactorrhoea), and difficulty conceiving. In men, it can reduce testosterone, leading to low libido, erectile difficulties, and in long-standing cases, bone thinning. Headaches and visual disturbances can occur when a larger tumour presses on nearby structures.
Bringing prolactin back under control
Most prolactinomas respond well to medication that suppresses prolactin production and often shrinks the tumour over time. Cabergoline is the standard first-line agent and is generally well tolerated; it belongs to a drug class that mimics dopamine, the brain’s natural brake on prolactin release. Women being treated for prolactinoma-related fertility or cycle problems may also benefit from broader women’s health support alongside their endocrinologist’s care.
If you notice a persistent milky discharge, sudden vision changes, or severe headaches, see a doctor promptly rather than waiting for a routine appointment.